- Big national lab
 facilities provide unique capabilities for plasma physics,
 fusion, and astrophysics research; and are available to the wider
 (university) community
 - X-ray spectroscopy can be
 used to effectively diagnose complex, time-variable plasma
 properties
 - But significant modeling
 must be performed in order to properly interpret these data (and
 design the experiments)
 - Astrophysically meaningful
 results can be obtained in the laboratory, but care must be
 taken
 - Making controlled fusion happen is
 going to be very, very difficult